The Lost Code

An Economy in Transition

D. McEwen & Son, Machine Engine and Boiler Works of Montréal

McCord Museum, M930.50.1.320

Between 1815 and 1830, the economy began to transform as Québec entered the industrial era and mass production replaced craft production. More and more factories cropped up in cities, particularly in Montréal, which was the economic center of Canada.

Initially, industry was concentrated in the shoe, leather, textile, tobacco, iron and steel, wood, and mining sectors. Then by the end of the century, natural resource development (hydroelectricity, mines, wood, pulp and paper, and metallurgy) grew thanks to American capital.

The local economy was replaced by a national market economy. To deliver goods, the railroad network was gradually extended to link Montréal, the Eastern Townships, Saguenay, the Joliette area, and the Lévis-Québec City area. Across Canada, a transcontinental railroad and canal network was developed.

At the turn of the 1900s, farming was no longer Québec's primary employment sector.